什么是经济学很多人对这个问题比较感兴趣，下面让我们一起来看浠涔娴瀛︼，希望可以帮助到你。
浠?涔????娴?瀛︼?
浠?姣?杈?骞挎?????涔?涓??ヨ?,????瀛﹀?浜?缁?娴?瀛︾??绌堕???锛?????瀛︽???瀵归????璐у?娴???甯??轰???缁?娴?娲诲?ㄧ????绌讹?濡???璐 ?＄エ ?哄? 淇?? ?惰? 椋??╂??璧?绛?绛?锛???
澶у?????瑙???涓????х?娴?瀛︿?涓?涓昏?????瀛︽????绌讹??剁??绌剁???㈠?骞匡?璇鹃?寰?澶э???浠ヤ??????瀵瑰?蜂?瀹??ㄧ??缁?娴?瀛︾?棰????? 浣????缁?娴?瀛﹀?烘????璁虹??绌惰????轰?寰?澶??扮??缁?娴?瀛﹀????姣?濡?淇℃???娴?瀛????缁?娴?瀛?non-market methods?????规?灏辨???涓????瑕????╁?)绛?绛?.
浠??﹀?涓?涓??搴﹁??瑷?: ????瀛﹀??绔??缁?娴?瀛︼?浣?濡?浠?宸茬?浠?缁?娴?瀛︿腑?稿?????烘?ワ???浜?姣?杈?绯荤?????绌舵?规?锛?
?????颁唬????瀛︿??跺?????ㄧ?颁唬缁?娴?瀛︾???板?ゅ?稿????妗??跺??. ?剁?圭?规???寰??涓讳??????ц?涓哄?ユ??锛?琛?涓洪????瀛﹁??涔???浜??????ц?涓?姣?濡???瀹???搴?锛?, ??寤鸿?????堕?村??涓?纭????绱???甯??哄??琛′?绯? ??瀵?????绯荤??ㄨ?婧?璺ㄦ????缃?腑???哄?跺??浣???
????瀛﹀???浜?缁?娴?瀛︿腑姣?杈????圭????绌舵?规?锛?姣?濡?璇撮????璧?浜у?浠蜂腑甯哥?ㄧ????濂??╁????, 瀹???涓?姣?缁?娴?瀛︿腑??渚?姹???????pecific锛??ㄥ??轰腑?村???瀹??帮?
?╁?璧???锛?
??????????瀛﹀??涓虹?颁唬缁?娴?浜х?┿???や唬涓昏???????????涓?缁?娴?锛?涓昏?????璐у??绠?????璐у?娴???锛??规???瀛??ㄩ??????????瀛︺??濡??ㄤ腑?斤?涓?浜???????璁鸿??规?ｈ??ㄨ?杩扳??璐㈣揣?????????绉??哥?涓???瀹?浣?涓轰??ㄧ?????瀛︾?锛????╁舰??浜?瑗挎?癸?????璐у??惰?瀛︹????杩?浠ｄ腑?界??????瀛︼????瑗挎?逛?缁??ョ??锛???浠??ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︾?村?扮?颁唬缁?娴?瀛︾????娲捐揣甯??惰?瀛﹁???
????瀛︾??绌剁????瀹规???朵赴瀵???瀹?涓?浠???浜???????璁烘?归?㈢????绌讹?杩??????????层??????瀛﹁??层??褰?浠ｄ?瑗挎?瑰??娲鹃????瀛﹁?锛?浠ュ??瀵瑰???介????浣??躲???????跨?????????绌跺??姣?杈???绌讹?璇??搞??淇℃????淇??╃???璁轰??ㄩ????瀛︾????绌惰???村????
?ㄩ??????璁烘?归??富瑕???绌惰?棰???锛?璐у?????川?????藉???跺?ㄧ?娴?涓????颁???浣????淇＄?ㄧ??褰㈠????惰??????戒互??瀹?浠??ㄧ?娴?涓????颁???浣?????╂?????ц川??浣?????ㄧ?颁唬?惰?淇＄?ㄥ?虹?涓?缁?缁?璧锋?ョ??璐у?娴??????圭?瑰??瑙?寰?锛???杩?璐у?瀵圭?娴???娲昏?琛?瀹?瑙??у?剁????璁虹?绛???
缁?娴?瀛︽????绌朵汉绫荤?娴?娲诲?ㄧ??瑙?寰??充环?肩????????杞?????瀹??扮??瑙?寰?????缁?娴???灞?瑙?寰?????璁猴???涓烘?挎不缁?娴?瀛︿?绉?瀛︾?娴?瀛︿袱澶х被????
?ㄥ?绉扮?娴?瀛︾???ワ?璧?婧???浼?????缃??浼????????????娴?瑙?寰???灞?寮????蜂?琛ㄧ?帮?缁?娴?瀛︾??瀵硅薄搴?璇ユ???婧?浼?????缃??浼??????????㈢??缁?娴?瑙?寰?涓?缁?娴???川锛???涓????????ㄨ?婧???浼?????缃??浼???????灞??€???????ㄨ?婧???浼?????缃??浼???????灞??㈢??锛????挎不缁?娴?瀛﹁??涓????瀛︾??缁?娴?瀛︺??
瑕???绌剁?娴???灞???瑙?寰?灏卞?椤讳??翠?涓?缁?涓???绌剁?娴??拌薄锛?瀹?瑙?缁?娴?涓?寰??缁?娴????涓???缁?娴?浣?涓??绉扮??涓や釜?归?????浠ュ?ㄧ?瀛︾??瀵圭О缁?娴?瀛﹁??寮?妗??朵腑锛???瀹?瑙?缁?娴?涓?寰??缁?娴?涔???锛?娌℃??瀹?瑙?缁?娴?瀛︿?寰??缁?娴?瀛︿???????挎不缁?娴?瀛︽?绘????缁?娴?瀛﹀??涓哄?瑙?缁?娴?瀛︿?寰??缁?娴?瀛︺??
1锛?缁?娴?灏辨????浜ф????娲讳?????绾︺????淇????????????绾﹁??????╄川璧??????冲?ㄧ?锛?褰??圭?搴????冲?ㄦ?堕?寸????绾︼??崇?ㄥ敖???藉????冲?ㄦ?????浜у?哄敖???藉???绀句?????瑕???????????????涓?汉??瀹跺涵?ㄧ??娲绘?璐逛?绮炬??缁?绠?锛??ㄦ???杈?灏???娑?璐瑰???ユ弧瓒虫??澶х????瑕???
?讳?锛?缁?娴?灏辨???ㄨ?灏???浜哄?????╁????璐㈠?????堕?淬??绌洪?磋?峰??杈?澶х?????????剁??锛?
2锛?缁?娴?灏辨???藉???浼?涓???涓?汉???舵???跺?碉?濡??芥???浜ф?诲?笺??绀句??讳骇?笺??浼?涓???浜ч??涓???????涓?汉???跺?ヤ????虹?锛?
3锛?缁?娴?灏辨????︽?涓???缁??芥?涓???缁?涓?娴?姘?绛?璇???缁煎????绠?????(濡???璇?灞?缁?娴???(????涔︾邯?汇??)????????缁?娴?涔?????浣?涓??⑩??(??????????涓??涓?????峰????瀹???????????藉?濡?浣???璐??濡?浣?绠＄????绉?缁?娴?娲诲???濡?浣?澶????挎不??娉?寰?????浜??????茬??归?㈢?????锛??虫不???藉???????搴舵???????锛?
4. 缁?娴?灏辨???搴????(瑙?[?ゅ???]?茶?????锛???缁?娴?璁恒??)锛?
5锛?缁?娴?灏辨???绉?璋??????????寰???娲绘??蹇?瑕???骞朵?瀵瑰?搴????藉????ㄧ???锋??浣跨?ㄤ环?肩???╁??(瑙?[?ゅ???]浜???澹??寰疯??锛????挎不瀛︺??)??
????璧???锛??惧害?剧?-缁?娴?瀛?/a> ?惧害?剧?-????瀛?/a>
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1??缁?娴?瀛︽????绌朵汉绫荤ぞ浼??ㄥ??涓???灞??舵?涓?????绉?缁?娴?娲诲?ㄥ????绉??稿???缁?娴??崇郴???惰?琛?????灞???瑙?寰???瀛︾???缁?娴?瀛︽?稿????虫???╄川绋?缂烘?у???????╃?ㄨ?婧?锛?????涓轰袱澶т富瑕??????寰??缁?娴?瀛﹀??瀹?瑙?缁?娴?瀛︺??
2??缁?娴?瀛﹁捣婧?甯????茶?????浜???澹??寰蜂负浠ｈ〃???╂??缁?娴?瀛︼?缁?杩?浜?褰?路?????椹??????????╂???缁?娴?瀛﹀?????灞?锛?缁?娴?瀛﹁????轰?婕???璇??稿???琛?涓虹?娴?瀛︾?浜ゅ??杈圭?瀛︾????????芥?缁?娴???楂?????灞?锛?缁?娴?瀛︾??绌跺??搴??ㄥ???板?藉???姘?浼????虫敞瓒??ヨ?楂?锛???璁轰?绯诲??搴??ㄤ??????????灞???
3??涓??????浼?????绌惰???村?绾冲?モ??寰????????瀹?瑙???灞??€????寰??缁?娴?瀛︹????绌剁????釜浣???涓??涓??朵?涓???寸???崇????锛?杩?浜?????????缁?娴??╁????娑?璐广????浜ц?绋?涓??缂鸿?婧??????ャ??璧?婧??????????????哄?朵??????╃?绛?????瀹?瑙?缁?娴?瀛︹????浠ュ?板?恒???藉?灞????涓虹??绌跺?璞★?甯歌????????????跺?ヤ???浜с??璐у????╀环??灏变????介??璐告??绛??????
4??涓??????典?锛?缁?娴?瀛︾??璁哄缓?哄?ㄧ???х??????澶у????杩???璁句?涓?锛?姣?涓?汉?戒??ㄥ???涓?????瀵硅??繁?????╃?????┿???ㄧ?娴?瀛︾??璁轰腑????璁剧????骞朵???瑕?锛??????璁炬?ㄨ??烘?ョ?????楠?璇?????锛??藉?瑙ｉ?????ㄦ??板?涓???锛???浠?氨?ュ??杩?涓???璁恒??浣???ゥ?板?╃?娴?瀛︾????璁烘??缓绔??ㄤ汉??????????琛??ㄧ??琛??ㄥ?????虹?涔?涓????跺?娲炬??甯?椴???????瀵规?????х?舵??????澶у??浣?涓虹?娴?瀛︾???昏???????
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杩?灏辨? 绋?缂烘?у??璁 锛?绋?缂烘?ф????ㄤ???????绀句?涓???ㄥ?ㄦ?????琛???淇?杩?缁?娴?娲诲?ㄧ??ｇ????绱???缁?娴?瀛︽????绌朵?涓?ぞ浼?濡?浣?浣跨?ㄧ?缂虹??璧?婧??ョ??浜х?╁?????冲?★?骞跺?ㄧぞ浼?????涓?????浠?浠???
姝ｅ??涓虹?缂烘?э?浜轰滑?绘???ㄨ?琛????┿??浜轰滑???ч???╃??涓昏???瀹规? 璧?婧??╃? ?? 璧?婧???缃 ?????╃??涓?澶у??瀹规????浜т?涔?锛?濡?浣???浜э?涓鸿???浜э?杩?涓?涓???瀹圭???璧锋?ュ氨???婧???缃??????璧?婧????????╃?????瑕?瑙ｅ?冲????灏变?缁?娴?澧??垮??????娉㈠?????璐ц?ㄨ??绛??????缁?娴?瀛︽????绌剁?缂鸿?婧?锛?濡?浣?楂?????缃????????╃?ㄧ??绉?瀛︺??
浜虹被缁???杩?璁″??缁?娴???甯??虹?娴?涓ょ???缃??瑰?锛?璁″??缁?娴?浠ユ??浠ゆ?ц???涓洪??缃??婧????瑰?锛?楂?搴﹂????涓哄?崇??瑰?锛?琛??挎??娈典负淇℃??????瑰?锛??╃???????藉?????浣????╃??楂?浜?涓?????甯??虹?娴?浠ュ??烘?哄?惰捣?冲?浣???????ｅ?崇?涓哄?崇??瑰?锛?浠锋?间俊?疯?琛?淇℃?????锛?灏???涓?汉?╃???????┿?? 甯??虹?娴????稿???环?兼?哄? ??
缁间?锛?缁?娴?瀛﹀氨????绌朵汉浠??浣????╂?ヤ娇?ㄧ?缂鸿?婧???浜у??绉??╁??锛?浠ヤ究??澶ч??搴︾??婊¤冻浜虹被??绌锋???锛???缁???楂?浜轰滑骞哥?????涓??ㄨ?绋???
绠?????璇达?缁?娴?瀛︽????绌堕???╃??涓??ㄧぞ浼?绉?瀛︺??
浠?涔????娴?瀛︼?
缁?娴?瀛︾??绌剁??涓?涓??烘?????????浜т?涔???濡?浣???浜у??涓鸿???浜х?????????浜т?涔?娑???璧?婧??ㄤ骇??涔??寸????缃?濡?浣???浜ф???瑕?绱??ㄧ??浜т腑????缃?涓鸿???浜ф?????浜у?烘?ョ??浜у???ㄧぞ浼?????涔??寸????缃??跺?ュ????)??
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?ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︼?
17涓?绾?腑?朵互??锛?棣????ㄨ?卞?斤??跺???ㄦ??斤?宸ュ?烘??宸ヤ???娓???灞???涓哄伐涓???浜х??涓昏?褰㈠???????涓讳?宸茬?涓???搴??ョ??澹?ぇ??浜т?璧??????╃????瑕?姹???杩??讹?灏?寤哄?跺害杩?涓ラ???荤???璧???富涔?????灞?锛?璧?浜ч?剁骇??复??浠诲?℃???灏?寤哄?垮??浣???浜???
杩?绉???浜?瑕?姹?浠???璁轰?璇存??璧???富涔???浜ф?瑰????蜂娇璐㈠?杩???澧??匡??㈣?璐㈠???浜у????????瑙?寰?锛?璁鸿?璧???富涔???浜х??浼?瓒??с???辨?锛?浜х??浜??辨???杩?绋?杩??ョ??浜ц?绋???绌剁???ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︺??
?ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︾????椹辨???卞?界??W.??绗???娉??界??P.甯??垮??灏?璐?灏?????绗???涓昏?璐＄???ㄤ????轰??冲?ㄤ环?艰???涓?浜??烘????癸?骞跺?ㄦ??虹?涓???姝ヨ??瀵?浜?宸ヨ????扮????╂??????淬??甯??垮??灏?璐?灏?璁や负娴???杩?绋?涓?????璐㈠?锛???????涓??????т?????储瀵???婧?娉???
?ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︾??搴镐???锛?
?ゅ?哥?娴?瀛﹀??9涓?绾?????灞??伴《宄扮?????讹?涔?寮?濮???瀹???搴镐???杩?绋???杩?????浜?瑗挎?浜т??╁?藉?????剁骇???剧???圭?广??娉??界??J.-B.?ㄤ????卞?界??T.R.椹???ㄦ???????ゅ?哥?娴?瀛﹀焊淇???????濮??????ㄤ????插?冲?ㄤ环?艰?锛???灞?浜??????涓?绉??跺?ュ?冲?浜ゆ??环?肩??搴镐?瑙???浠?杩?浠????ㄤ环?艰??哄??锛?杞??扮??浜ц垂?ㄨ?锛?杩???寤虹???涓?浣?涓?浣????????????璁恒??
浠?杩????衡??渚?缁???????繁????姹?????甯??烘???锛??规???﹁?璧???富涔?瀛??ㄤ?姹??辫??????????浜ц??╃?????芥?с??椹???ㄦ???ㄥ????瀛﹁?搴镐????????讹????????捐?琛?婵???璁轰?锛?浠???浣??????惧?ㄤ环?艰?涓???娉?瑙ｅ?崇???鹃?杩?琛??ㄥ?伙?骞跺???惧?﹀??????剧???冲?ㄤ环?艰????充??╂鼎?ユ???瀛﹁???
J.瀵?灏???J.R.楹﹀??搴?娲?璧???浠ユ??????????剧??淇″??㈢???虹?帮????ㄦ敞??????淇?????褰㈠?灏??ゅ?哥?娴?瀛﹀焊淇?????
璧?浜ч?剁骇缁?娴?瀛︼?
19涓?绾?????锛?????璧???富涔?缁?娴???杩?涓?姝ュ??灞?锛?璧???富涔??????惧???с??宸ヤ汉杩??ㄧ??楂?娑ㄥ??椹?????缁?娴?瀛﹁???浼????缁?璧?浜ч?剁骇??缁?娌讳互??澶х???插?汇???ㄨ?绉?褰㈠?夸?锛?璧?浜ч?剁骇缁?娴?瀛︽??寮??ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︾??澶?琛ｆ??浠ュ?ゅ?哥?娴?瀛︽?瑰?よ????濮挎??锛?寤虹??扮??搴镐?瀛︽淳浜???