什么是国学很多人对这个问题比较感兴趣，下面让我们一起来看藉涔，希望可以帮助到你。
?藉????涔??????
浠?涔????藉??
涓????ヨ?锛??藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????藉??㈢?舵??腑?戒?缁?????涓?瀛︽????ｄ?????涔???????诲??????с??涔︾?汇?????搞???版???绛?锛?杩?浜?褰??舵???浜??藉????达?浣?涔???互璇存???藉???澶?寤朵???
?藉??????藉?瀛﹀?锛?濡?澶?????藉??????藉???瀛﹂???璇达?浜х??浜?瑗垮?涓?娓???????杞????????叉?舵????瀹??磋捣浜?20涓?绾???锛?1920骞翠唬濮???锛??ㄤ腑?藉ぇ??锛????╃????????冲??????遍??姝ユ?????㈠?锛?涓???浼?缁?????瀛︽????绌洪?撮??姝ユ?╁ぇ锛?1980骞翠唬?????藉???澶?璧疯?充???
"?藉?"涓?璇达?浜х??浜?瑗垮?涓?娓???????杞????????叉?舵???????充??藉???瀹?涔?锛?涓ユ?兼??涔?涓?锛??扮????涓烘?锛?瀛︽????杩?娌℃??缁???浠????虹?涓???纭?????瀹?????瀹朵?璇寸悍绾????》涓?????????璇存?濡??界补娲鹃??瀹???906骞存?版??璇达?"?藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒???"锛????藉?璁蹭?璁般??锛????界补瀛︽?ャ??绗?9??锛??????????藉?姒?蹇靛?骞挎?锛?浣?涓昏?寮鸿?浜??藉???缁?涓??寸?ㄦ?с??
?藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁????浠ュ?藉?澶у?绔?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???????锛?????涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︺??
绔?澶????ㄥ?躲???藉?姒?璁恒??涓?О锛??藉?涔????????查??绁?璇???缁??歌?瀛???瀹????????查??灏?璇翠?濂?锛?娌诲?藉?涔??规?涓鸿鲸涔﹁?????浼?????灏?瀛︺?????扮?????ュ?や?浜烘??????杩???杈ㄦ??瀛﹀?????
?界补娲鹃??瀹?绉帮????藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒?????锛????藉?璁蹭?璁般??锛????界补瀛︽?ャ??绗?9??锛?
?藉?????????涔?
涓??? ?藉??????锛? ?藉????涓??涓?绾????骞翠唬浜х??????璇?
???藉???锛?椤惧????涔?锛?涓??戒?瀛︼?涓???涔?瀛︺??
???藉???姒?蹇电??琛???锛??藉???姹?瀛︺??涓??藉???
???藉???锛??存??瀹芥???瑙ｉ????濡????惧?涔????濡??????????????点??娉???澧ㄧ??惧?涔?璇寸?缁??朵??藉???涓??濡?姝わ???浜??????鸿?瀛??惧?涔?璇达??借?界?绉颁负???藉???锛??朵腑?や?浣???????ュ???锛??烘???ㄦ?????浜?涓???????锛???浠ワ??藉???绉颁负??涓??藉?????姹?瀛︺??
???插?板??ャ???????藉?锛????藉?涔?涓哄??锛????剧‘瀹??朵????ㄤ????颁?瑷?涔?锛??充腑?藉???????涓鸿?锛???涓??藉????瀛︽??????????跺??绉?瀛︾?????
浜????藉??????翠互???跺?蜂???瀹?br />
?藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁??ㄣ??
涓????ヨ?锛??藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????藉??㈢?舵??腑?戒?缁?????涓?瀛︽????ｄ?????涔???????诲??????с??涔︾?汇?????搞???版???绛?锛?杩?浜?褰??舵???浜??藉????达?浣?涔???互璇存???藉???澶?寤朵???
?藉????涔?????
???藉???涓?璇?锛??ゅ凡??涔????板?浠????藉???涔???????涓???姘????烘????????涓?瀛︽???????よ?充????颁唬浜烘?烘?т?姹?姘寸??缁??讹?缁??????茬???ょ?兼??纾ㄤ????剁??????娣?姹帮?缁???涓????????蹭????板?锛??????颁?浜烘???╃?????话??
???藉????ㄤ腑?藉?や唬锛????????藉?涓?绾х??瀛︽?★?涓?姹?浠ｇ????澶?????稿?????浠ｈ???涓????????灞?璇讳功浜?搴?灞辩?介箍娲?锛??冲?????讹??ㄥ?堕????寤哄?棣?锛?浠ユ????寰?锛??蜂负??搴?灞卞?藉??????板?浠ｏ????圭О???介箍娲?涔﹂?⑩??锛?杩??剁?????藉???瀹?涓鸿??涔︿?璁插?涔?????
??????涔?
???藉???涓?璇?锛??ゅ凡??涔??????ㄧぜ路?ュ?瀹?浼?蜂?甯???瑷?锛???涔?甯????藉?涔??匡?浠ユ???藉?灏?????????绀艰?路瀛﹁????帮????や?????锛?瀹舵??濉撅?????搴?锛?????搴?锛??芥??瀛︺????瀛?璇?璁╁?ㄥ?舵???????ㄧぜ路姝ｄ???涓????猴????藉???锛??ㄥ?藉??涓???瀹?乏涔?灏?瀛︿??????辨????锛????藉????ㄤ腑?藉?や唬锛????????藉?涓?绾х??瀛︽?★?涓?姹?浠ｇ????澶?????稿???姝ゅ????浠ｆ?存?匡????藉??????ц川??浣??ㄤ???????????
??浠ｈ???涓????????灞?璇讳功浜?搴?灞辩?介箍娲?锛??冲?????讹??ㄥ?堕????寤哄?棣?锛?浠ユ????寰?锛??蜂负??搴?灞卞?藉???锛?浜︾О???介箍娲??藉???????搴?灞卞?藉?????????搴?灞变功????绛?锛?锛?棣?娆′娇?ㄤ????藉???杩?涓?姒?蹇点???板?浠ｏ????圭О???介箍娲?涔﹂?⑩??锛?涓鸿??涔︿?璁插?涔?????瀹?浠ｄ功?㈠?寸??锛?娑??板?虹?介箍???抽?锛?涓?璇村旦?筹????㈤?冲??宀抽???澶т功?€???辨??ョ??锛???搴?灞卞?藉???瀹???涓???????㈣??涔﹀??璁插?????瀛﹂???锛?浜﹀?冲???ョ????涔﹂?⑩?????ㄥ??剁??澧???涓?锛?????涔?涔﹀????璁蹭?瀛︼????舵??腑?界??浼?缁?瀛︽????????浠?瀹?浠ｅ??澶т功?㈢??瀹??????垫?ョ??锛?涔????姝ゃ?????姝ゆ?垛???藉???杩?涓?姒?蹇电??浣跨???涓????藉?烩??????风????
浣??????姝ｆ?????藉?????璇稿???澶?瀛︹???告??骞惰?锛??充?涓轰??ㄧ??戒腑?藉?????姒?蹇垫???烘?ワ??????ㄨタ瀛︿?娓??????界ぞ浼???瀛︽??????澶?浜?绌哄??杞?????娓????????[1]
19涓?绾?????㈠?瑗垮?????娆у??涓讳????? *** 锛??ユ?????浠?涓????????煎?涓?????????璇????芥????锛????轰????♀???界补???????藉??????煎０锛?浠?姝も???藉???涓?璇??ㄨ??颁唬娴?琛?寮??ャ??杩?灏辫???舵????骞 *** 浜?澶?澧??镐技??涓??藉?浜恒??1902骞寸?锛?娴?浜℃捣澶???姊?????句?榛??靛?绛?浜哄??璁???ㄦ?ユ?????????藉??ャ????浣?榛?涓诲???浣????藉??测??锛?浣挎??惧?浜????????藉??ャ????璁炬?炽?????界补娲惧?????瓒??哄???♀???藉?????1904骞达???瀹??ㄤ?娴风?????胯?洪???ャ????琛ㄣ???藉?淇?瀛?璁恒??锛?璁鸿堪浜?淇?瀛????藉???????瑕??с??娆″勾锛???瀹???榛???绛?浜哄?ㄤ?娴锋??绔?浜????藉?淇?瀛?浼???锛?浠モ????绌跺?藉?锛?淇?瀛??界补??涓哄??????琛????胯?洪???ャ???????界补瀛︽?ャ??锛???蹇??????藉????ㄥ?藉????绔?瓒炽??[1]
??涔?浜?璁?br />
灏卞?藉????瑷?锛?娓??????锛?瀛︾??瀵光???藉???????涔?浜?璁??澶э?澶ц?存??浠ヤ???绉?锛?
锛?1锛????藉????斥??涓??????杩?涓???涔?涓?娓???澶у????娲??¤??ㄧ??浠ｈ〃浜虹?╁?涔?娲?绛????″?????涓??涓轰?锛?瑗垮?涓虹?ㄢ?????炽??
锛? 2锛????藉????斥???界补?????????藉???涓????界补??绛???锛?瑕?涔???涓????锛?瑕?涔?绛?浜???浼?缁?瀛︽????????绮剧补??浠ュ?????瀹规???ュ?ㄥ?锛?????浜轰滑瀵逛?缁?瀛︽????????绮剧补??涔???瑙ｄ?灏界?稿??锛????跺氨寰??句娇???藉???????瀹瑰???惰В??瑙??????????ㄥ?????浣?涓?锛?杩??风????涔?涔?琛?涓?????
锛?3锛????藉????斥???芥??????杩?涓???涔?锛?????瀵光???界补??涓?璇村お绗肩?锛????翠?涓??戒?缁?瀛︽??????骞堕??涓???????绮光???????虹????杩?绉???娉??剧?琚???惰?澶?????瀛﹁????璁ゅ??????浜???杩??ㄢ???舵???????ф淳???????版淳?????藉???瀹朵滑锛???涔??戒娇?ㄨ????芥????涓?璇???
锛?4锛????藉????充腑?藉?烘??涔?瀛︼?绯绘??涓??藉?烘????瀛︽????????锛?浜﹀?斥??涓??藉?????杩?涓???涔?锛?????瀵光??澶??藉?????瑷?????杩?涓???涔?锛?璧峰??褰?浠ョ?澶???????瀹?绛?琛ㄨ堪寰?姣?杈???纭???绔?澶????ㄦ??灞??ユ??富缂???姘??ャ???讹??句妇?????藉?璁蹭?浼????????藉????寸ぞ??锛?骞朵负璁惧?ㄤ?娴风?????藉?淇?瀛?浼????哄?虫?ャ???界补瀛︽?ャ???版????
???锛?绔?澶???璁や负???藉???????藉??.....>>
?藉????涔?
?藉?锛?涓??芥???烘??涔?瀛︽??????藉?????瀛︽?板???????涓???锛?骞堕?????藉?涔?瀛﹀???娌诲?戒?瀛︺??涓????ヨ?锛??藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????藉???腑?戒?缁?????涓?瀛︽???涔???????诲??????с??涔︾?汇?????搞???版???绛????藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浠ュ?藉?澶у?绔?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???????锛?????涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︺??
?村ぉ璇村?藉?锛??藉??板???釜?
???诧?浜烘??锛??烘?????绫诲????涓????????ヨ?????瀹癸??藉?浜??藉???
???藉???涓?璇?锛??ゅ凡??涔??????藉????ㄤ腑?藉?や唬锛????????藉?涓?绾х??瀛︽?★?涓?姹?浠ｇ????澶?????稿?????浠ｈ???涓????????灞?璇讳功浜?搴?灞辩?介箍娲?锛??冲?????讹??ㄥ?堕????寤哄?棣?锛?浠ユ????寰?锛??蜂负??搴?灞卞?藉??????板?浠ｏ????圭О???介箍娲?涔﹂?⑩??锛?杩??剁?????藉???瀹?涓鸿??涔︿?璁插?涔?????
浠????藉???涔???????浠ヤ腑?戒?缁??????哥?涓鸿浇浣?锛?琛ㄧ?颁腑??姘???浼?缁?绀句?浠峰?艰?涓???寰蜂鸡??瑙??????充?绯汇??浣????涔?浠??堕??瑕?瀛︽????姒凤?????扮‘瀹?瀹?涔???
?藉???瀹?
????锛???姹?涔??烘??蹇???瀵瑰?藉???涓?涓??烘??????绫伙?灏??跺??涓哄??釜?ㄥ????杩????ㄥ??????浜??藉?????韬??? 绗???ㄥ??锛????恒??????璇???????涔︺??????绀笺??????涔????????????????ョ??????ㄧ??搞?????烘??澶у???猴?灏????恒??灏????烘??????????绀笺??涔???灏???寰°???般?????????蜂??瑰?讳汉??浜烘?煎????绉????界????澶у???猴?灏辨???????浠讳??跺??锛?缁??绘?????ㄩ?浣?????杩?灏辨??腑?界??绮剧?锛????藉?绮剧????㈠???瑕???涓?瑗裤?? 绗???ㄥ??锛?璇稿??惧???璇稿?濡?????甯??鸿??堕????????渚?????稿?惰????璇稿?????瀹躲????瀹躲??澧ㄥ???娉?瀹躲????瀹躲???撮?冲?????瀹躲??绾垫í瀹躲??灏?璇村?绛????藉???唬琛ㄧ??涓??????????稿?锛???浠ｆ????榛?甯??寸?缁?????????瀛???????搴?瀛?????????绂诲???????绱?涔︺??绛?璇稿??惧???缁??搞?? 绗???ㄥ??锛?璇?璧???璇???璧?涓?涓??凤???袱绉?涓?????浣?瑁?????姹?涔?quot;?烘??蹇?????????璇?璧?寰??????や唬绉????婚?灏辫?借?锛?????浠??濡??や汉?? 绗????ㄥ??锛??典功???典功?ㄥ?や唬?ヨ???绫讳腑????甯搁??瑕???涓??ㄥ??锛??????㈣??????板???规??琚?????????ㄧ???х???? 绗???ㄥ??锛????般??璀??浣?涓哄??绛??????ㄦ?????? 绗????ㄥ??锛??规?????夸腑?????绘???芥???规????
?藉??烘??
???藉????????藉?瀛﹀?锛?濡?澶?????藉?????涔﹂?㈢???杩?浜?骞达???搴????藉?????涔?寤虹?浜?涓?浜??稿????烘????
?藉?缁???
缁??ㄣ???查?ㄣ??瀛??ㄣ??????br />
涓????藉??存兜????浠峰?煎??姘???绮剧?
绠????拌?锛??藉???腑?戒?缁?????????绉般??涓?????姘???浠??や唬?颁?澶╃??锛?涓???姘?????涓????板??涓??朵唬????瀛﹁??┿??涔?淇???绀间华??璇??????瀛???澶╁????板?????瀛︺???诲???宸ヨ?恒??寤虹????板?涓??版???逛????充?????韫??????с??璇?璇?姝?璧????存?涔︾?汇?????炽??蹇?????淇″康??瀹??????挎不??浼︾??绛?锛??藉?ㄥ?藉??????翠?????
杩?涔?璇存?ワ??藉???????涓?????浜?????纭???藉?????瀹瑰??缃??村箍锛?浣???浠??????互浣?涓??瑰??姊炽??澶т?涓?璇达??藉?????涓???€??绗????父璇?灞?????冲?藉???ABC??渚?濡?绉拌???璋﹁?绛?锛?浠?澶╂??浠???????骞翠汉?逛?涓?灏?绗?璇?锛?????浠ゅ?????瓒充?????瀹剁?垛??????浜衡???ㄩ???浜???绗???????????虹??灞?????充?缁????????ㄧ被???归????????版?规??????姘??存???恒??瀛︽???缁?涔?浼??匡?姣?杈?涓??ㄣ??绗??????寰蜂环?间?浜虹????涔???灞?????藉??规???????浜哄?浣???浜猴???寰?浜虹??浠峰?硷??瑰?讳汉?兼??瀹?锛?濡?浣?瀹?韬???姐??绗????????绮剧?锛????介?涓???榄???灞??€??
?藉???浼?缁??句功涓?瀛︽?????绫绘??缁????层??瀛????????????涔???????????杈?绔???缁?涓?涔?瀛︾??璇歌矾?????藉????稿?浠峰?煎?ㄧ?涓???绗???灞??€??浠?娓?????浜℃?ユ????蹇?澹??浜轰娇?ㄢ???藉???杩?涓???绉板?濮?锛??藉??????镐富瑕????藉?姘??????叉???????规??簿绁?浠峰?笺??
?ㄥ?藉?挎?ラ???姘????变骸涔??讹?绔?澶???璇达???澶??藉???锛??藉???浠ユ??绔?涔?婧?娉?涔????鹃?诲?绔?浜?涔?涓?锛?寰????藉??轰?瓒充互绔??界?ｏ????炬???诲?藉?涓??磋???借?借?????涔????鹃?绘???戒骸???藉?涓?浜¤???ｏ????炬???诲?藉???浜¤???戒?绔???涔?????浠??ュ?藉?涔???浜哄?磋捣锛??冲?褰卞??浜??藉?涔?瀛???????浜﹁???涓?涓哄挨宀?宀?涔?锛???
??瀹?璇达????藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??︹?︽???跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??借??涔????藉???锛?涓????借??淇辨?ワ???涔??扮??锛??逛?姘??э???涓???』?剧?涔?????瀛??????斤????????锛??ョ?卞?跺?斤???涓??ョ?卞?跺?涔?????
涔?灏辨???锛???.....>>
浠?涔????藉?锛?
?藉?锛????????guoxue??锛??宠?锛?????en:Sinology??(??璇?锛???涓??藉???姹?瀛?????????藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????板?ㄤ??????扮???藉?锛?????浠ュ??绉︾??稿??璇稿?瀛︿负?瑰?猴?娑电??浜?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺??榄?????瀛︺??瀹?????瀛﹀?????舵????姹?璧???????楠???????瀹?璇?璇??????蹭???娓?灏?璇村苟??浠ｅ?插?绛?涓?濂??规????瀹??寸????????瀛︽???绯汇????姝わ?骞夸?涓?锛?涓??藉?や唬???颁唬????????瀛︽??????????层?????炽???插????扮?????挎不??缁?娴?涔??充功?汇???充??????般???诲??????搞??寤虹?绛??芥???藉???娑????????淬??
????br />
?藉??????藉?瀛﹀?锛?濡?澶?????藉??????藉???瀛﹂???璇达?浜х??浜?娓???タ瀛︿?娓???????杞????????叉?舵??锛???绉般??涓????锛????圭О???藉?????瀹??磋捣浜?19涓?绾?????20涓?绾???锛?1920骞翠唬濮???锛??ㄤ腑?藉ぇ??锛????╃????????冲??????遍??姝ユ?????㈠?锛?涓???浼?缁?????瀛︽???????撮??姝ユ?╁ぇ锛?1980骞翠唬?????藉???澶?璧疯?充???
?藉???灞??ㄤ???涓?绾??瑗垮???褰卞??涓????惧???颁?宸ㄥぇ?插?汇????娓?杩?浠ｏ???涓??涓轰?锛?瑗垮?涓虹?ㄣ??????缁?涓??寸?ㄣ?????冲?磋捣锛??藉?涓?璇?????瑗垮???琚????猴????藉???琚?腑?戒?缁?瀛﹁??瑙?涓恒???介?????娓?????琚??ㄧ炕??绔?姘??戒互??锛???绉?瑗挎??版??娼???ヤ腑?斤??ㄦ?版????杩??ㄥ??浜???杩??ㄧ??褰卞??涓?锛??ㄧ??瑗垮??娲鹃??瑙??朵负???芥福??锛?璁稿?涓??存淳??姝ょО?朵负???芥??瀛︺??锛?缁存?や?缁?????娲剧О?朵负???界补瀛︺??锛?瀛﹁ 娲炬?????界补锛?????腑?芥????锛??村?寰?涓?浠ュ?藉??????杩?骞存?ワ?????涓??芥?挎不??缁?娴????????????崇??????锛?涓???浼?缁??????????崇??浠峰?艰??ヨ?涓烘?村???浜鸿?璇???璁ゅ??锛??藉???灞?寮?濮?澶??淬??
???涓???绫?br />
???插?板??ャ???????藉?锛????藉?涔?涓哄??锛????剧‘瀹??朵????ㄤ????颁?瑷?涔?锛??充腑?藉???????涓鸿?锛???涓??藉????瀛︽??????????跺??绉?瀛︾?????浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛????朵腑?插?浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛???????瀛︿?瀛︾?惧?瀛︾?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁???
?藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁??ㄣ??涓??戒?瀛﹁?界?跺ぇ???稿??浜???????????锛?浣???涓??芥????锛????????﹀??ュ?藉?瀛??ㄤ?璁?????绔?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???锛??藉???涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︼?绔?澶????ㄥ?躲???藉?姒?璁恒??涓?О锛??藉?涔????????查??绁?璇???缁??歌?瀛???瀹????????查??灏?璇翠?濂?锛?娌诲?藉?涔??规?涓鸿鲸涔﹁?????浼?????灏?瀛︺?????扮?????ュ?や?浜烘??????杩???杈ㄦ??瀛﹀??ㄣ??椤惧??ㄣ???藉?涓?????????杈?涓???????藉?涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿???浣??搞??璇?????被??
?界补娲鹃??瀹?绉帮????藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒?????锛????藉?璁蹭?璁般??锛????界补瀛︽?ャ??绗?9??锛?
?辩??惧氨???藉???涓?璇???璁烘?帮???瀛︽???????界???????藉???涓???锛????㈡???匡?灏??ヤ害??涓?绔????逛负涓??朵唬??璇?????锛????藉?姒?璁郝峰?瑷???锛???浜?????″?颁功棣?锛?1997锛?
?崇考璋?璁や负锛??℃??垮??澶?????涔?涓??藉??????璁哄?や?锛???涓哄?藉?锛???浜?瀵瑰?藉?涔???璇达?蹇???浣?瀛﹀??娲?瀛︼??︹?﹂』浠??ゅ???ｈ搐锛?????浣?瀛︽?瀛︿??版???惰?娓?锛????????????ヤ?姹?瀛︺??瀹?瀛︼?浠ュ??浠?涓???璁叉?挎不??缁?娴???璐㈡?裤??绀句??????茬?锛?濮?????藉?????锛????藉?涔???璇淬??锛??崇考璋?骞朵富寮?锛???璁插?藉?瀹???璁插?插?????
褰?浠ｅ?藉?浠ヤ腑?藉?烘??瀛﹂????浼?缁?????涓烘?稿?锛?娑???棰?????骞裤??
浠?涔????藉?锛?
?藉????涓??涓?绾????骞翠唬浜х??????璇?锛?涓???????涓?涓??藉???浼?缁????叉????涓?瀛︽?????姝や???互绉颁?涓烘???藉?????瀛︽??瀛︽????
涓??界???藉?锛?绠?瑷?涔?灏辨??腑?藉?や唬??瀛﹁?锛??朵腑??浠ｈ〃????绉﹁?瀛?????绉﹁?瀛??????冲??瀛﹁?瀵逛腑?界??浼?缁??????锋??娣辫???褰卞??锛?褰㈡??浜??靛????筹?娉?瀹舵???冲??澧ㄥ????筹???瀹舵???筹???瀹舵???炽??杩?浜????充???涓???????归?㈣?杩板?浣?娌荤???藉?锛?缁?????涔辩?锛??跺????藉??????浠ｇ??缁?娌昏???芥??寰?娣辫???褰卞??锛?浠????㈡?㈠舰??浜?涓?绉?涓??界??浼?缁?????瑙?蹇点????????藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽???? ?板?ㄤ??????扮???藉?锛?????浠ュ??绉︾??稿??璇稿?瀛﹁?涓烘?瑰?猴?娑电??浜?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺??榄?????瀛︺??瀹?????瀛﹀?????舵????姹?璧???????楠???????瀹?璇?璇??????蹭???娓?灏?璇村苟??浠ｅ?插?绛?涓?濂??规????瀹??寸????????瀛︽???绯汇??
??姝わ?骞夸?涓?锛?涓??藉?や唬???颁唬????????瀛︽??????????层?????炽???插???瀹?????浼︾?????扮?????挎不??缁?娴?涔??充功?汇???充???绀间??????般???诲??????搞??寤虹?绛??芥???藉???娑????????淬??(寮?宸︽渤姘存??妗?
?藉????烘???蹇
?充??藉???瀹?涔?锛??ゅ?烘???涔?澶?锛??ㄥ?蜂???瀹?涔?涓?锛??扮????涓烘?锛?瀛︽????灏??????虹?涓???纭?????瀹???涓????ヨ????藉?????绉扳??姹?瀛︹??????涓??藉???锛?娉???浼?缁???涓???????涓?瀛︽?????藉?????腑?藉?や唬???插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︿互??涓??诲?????瀛︺?????般???扮?????挎不??缁?娴???涔︾?汇???充???寤虹?绛?璇稿??归?€???扳???藉???姒?蹇典骇??浜?浜???涓?绾????骞翠唬锛?褰?? ??瑗垮?涓?娓????硅???椋?姝ｅ?肩?界???寮?涔?娲???榄?婧?绛?浜轰负浜?涓?瑗垮??稿?锛????衡??涓????锛?涓??戒?瀛︼?杩?涓?姒?蹇碉?骞朵富寮? ??涓??涓轰?锛?瑗垮?涓虹?ㄢ??锛? 涓??归?㈠?涔?瑗挎?规????锛????跺???㈠?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺?? ?藉???互??绉︾??缁??稿??璇稿?瀛﹁?涓烘?瑰?猴?娑电??浜?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺??榄?????瀛︺??瀹?????瀛﹀?????舵????姹?璧???????楠???????瀹?璇?璇??????蹭???娓?灏?璇村苟??浠ｅ?插?绛?涓?濂??规????瀹??寸????????瀛︽???绯汇????绉﹁?瀛??惧?瀛﹁????卞??遍福??锛?娌℃??涓讳??崇郴锛?濡??????舵????璧蜂??ㄨ??璁猴???瀹跺?璇村?ㄥ??涓??舵???藉???ョ?????炬?ф?????т??????????ㄥ?ㄧ??棰???涓?????宸诧????姝﹀???缃㈤??惧?,????????????ㄦ???虫????棰???璧蜂富娴?浣??ㄧ??????瀹讹?浣??跺???瀹跺?璇翠??ㄤ?????棰??????ョ????瑕?浣????姣?濡??挎不棰???????瀹朵?娉?瀹躲????浜?棰??????靛????诲?棰??????诲???杩????跺???棰???????瀹讹???瀹躲??澧ㄥ?????瀹垛?︹?︼?绛?绛?锛???涓?棰???璧蜂富娴?浣??ㄥ苟涓?浠ｈ〃?ㄩ?ㄣ????浠ワ??藉?????涓??娲惧?璇村苟娌℃??涓讳?涔???锛?骞朵?瀛??ㄤ互???瀹跺?娲惧?璇翠负涓讳??? ???藉???杩?涓??蹇典腑?藉???蹭?灏辨??锛????ㄧぜ?????㈠氨??锛???姹?涔︺????????姹?涔︺????????涔︺????????芥?????藉?????姒?蹇点????浠ｄ???锛?浣???搴?灞变??㈡??涓??????板?ㄤ?杩????????介箍娲?涔﹂???杩?涓?功?㈡???╂???ㄥ??瀹??辩?规??瀹?寤烘??锛???涓哄??剁??????澶т功?⑩??涔?涓???浣????ㄦ?辩?逛???锛?杩?涓??版?逛????介箍娲?涔﹂????????????介箍娲??藉??????介箍娲??藉???釜浠?涔????????????瀛︽?°?????锛??ㄤ腑?藉???蹭?锛????藉???杩?涓??蹇垫??????锛????藉???杩?涓???璇???????锛?浣????ヨ?????璋????藉???锛??芥???????界?瀛︽?♀??????????????璁句腑?藉?藉?瀛︼????逛负?藉???锛????藉?璇哥??璁?????夸护?? ?藉???璁炬??绀笺??涔???寰???灏???寰°??涔︺???扮???瀛︾????? 杩?浠ｄ互?ユ??璋????藉???涓?璇?锛???瀛﹁??璁や负婧????ユ???姹??锋?朵唬涓????ユ?????崇??涓??ㄥ??浜猴?濡??风?版?ユ弧绛????″??ユ?????や唬?哥?杩?琛???绌讹?浠ユ?㈡???????烘????????锛????????藉???涔?绉般????娌荤淮?板??锛??ユ? *** ?ㄨ?娆у???跨?锛?瀵艰?寸ぞ浼??虹?板交搴?娲??????惧????1888骞达?涓?瀹???箔??蹇?璐洪????绛?浜烘??绔??挎??绀撅?榧??瑰?界补???筹?浠ユ???浆????????璁告????杩?绉???娼???褰卞??锛?1902骞寸?锛?姊?????句?榛??靛?绛?浜哄??璁?????ㄦ?ユ?????????藉??ャ????1904骞达???瀹???琛ㄣ???藉?淇?瀛?璁恒??锛?璁鸿堪浜?淇?瀛????藉???????瑕??с??1905骞达???瀹???榛???绛?浜哄?ㄤ?娴锋??绔?浜??藉?淇?瀛?浼?锛?浠モ????绌跺?藉?锛?淇?瀛??界补??涓哄???????藉?淇?瀛?浼?绠?绔???锛?锛??虹?????界补瀛︽?ャ??锛??扮ǹ浜洪?や???瀹???榛???锛?杩???绔??抽?????甯??广?????荤????榛?渚???椹???浼︾?锛?浠?浠???涓轰腑?藉????浼?浼???锛????惧??姘?涓婚?╁?姐??1922骞????????达?绔??抽??ㄤ?娴疯????藉?澶ф????????藉?娲惧??????1934骞达?绔??抽??ㄨ??宸?????绔?姘??藉?璁蹭?浼?锛?瀵瑰?藉???浜??荤??х??璁茶В??绔??抽?涓?杩板??娆℃?璁茬?杩?璁板??寸??锛??虹??浜????芥??璁鸿 ???????藉?姒?璁恒??????绔?澶????藉?婕?璁插???绛?涔︼??ㄤ?涓???骞翠唬褰卞??寰?澶с??绔??抽???璋??藉???涓衡??灏?瀛︹????缁?瀛︹?????插?????璇稿???????瀛︹??浜??ㄥ??锛??辨???互???轰?瀵瑰?藉????寸????瀹???姝ゅ?锛??￠????椤鹃??????辩?绛?浜轰????充????藉??????芥???????界补????绉?绉?璁鸿堪?? ? ??瑗垮?涓?娓???涔?椋???锛?涓轰??哄?????瑗垮???涓???涓??戒?瀛︹??锛?渚夸骇??浜??扳??涓??戒?缁????虫????瀛︽????杩?涓??藉?姒?蹇点?? 浣?璋??藉?锛?杩?涓????娑典???涓?????瑙ｈ?锛?绀句?涓?灏?????缁?涓???璁よ?????瀛﹁??璁や负?藉???璁烘???や唬??杩????颁唬??锛??℃??腑?界??????瀛?.....>>
?藉??板????涔?
?藉?锛????????guoxue??锛??宠?锛?????Sinology??(??璇?锛???涓??藉???姹?瀛?????????藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????板?ㄤ??????扮???藉?锛?????浠ュ??绉︾??稿??璇稿?瀛︿负?瑰?猴?娑电??浜?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺??榄?????瀛︺??瀹?????瀛﹀?????舵????姹?璧???????楠???????瀹?璇?璇??????蹭???娓?灏?璇村苟??浠ｅ?插?绛?涓?濂??规????瀹??寸????????瀛︽???绯汇????姝わ?骞夸?涓?锛?涓??藉?や唬???颁唬????????瀛︽??????????层?????炽???插????扮?????挎不??缁?娴?涔??充功?汇???充??????般???诲??????搞??寤虹?绛??芥???藉???娑????????淬?????藉???锛?椤惧????涔?锛?涓??戒?瀛︼?涓???涔?瀛︺??绉︾??姹??︼???绉︼????辫?China涓鸿?锛??虫?(Han Studies)锛????浠ｄ互??锛??藉??榧???锛?娴峰???绉板ぇ姹?姘???涔?瀛︿负??姹?瀛︹??,??????界?惰?瀹???姹?瀛︹??涓?璇??宠??ㄥ??瀹?宸茶?甯歌?锛????????涓轰袱姹??舵????缁?瀛﹀?????????姹?浠ｄ汉??绌剁?瀛︾????浜????┿??浜?璁??,??涓???绉扮??绌剁????层?????┿??璁?????????瀛︿负姹?瀛︼?浣?娴峰?????姹?瀛︼???????????瑙ｄ负姹?姘???涔?瀛︼??冲?涓??界????绌讹?灏ょ?规???充?瀵逛腑?界??璇??????????瀛︺?????插??椋?淇?涔???????绌讹?????腑?????轰??????淬?????烘??锛?绀笺??涔???灏???寰°??涔︺???扮????猴?浜?????锛?灞便???汇???????姐???哥?浜?????锛?浠ヤ???绔???褰???????????锛??藉???腑璋??藉???锛?
???藉???锛??存??瀹芥???瑙ｉ????濡????惧?涔????濡??????????????点??娉???澧ㄧ??惧?涔?璇寸?缁??朵??藉???涓??濡?姝わ???浜????????瀛??惧?涔?璇达??借?界?绉颁负???藉???锛??朵腑?や?浣???????ュ???锛??烘???ㄦ?????浜?涓???????锛???浠ワ??藉???绉颁负??涓??藉?????姹?瀛?br />?藉??板????????锛?
?藉?灏辨????浠?腑?戒汉??瀛﹂???瀹????????浠?腑??姘???浜???骞存?ョ???ㄩ?ㄧ?跨????????瀹?????瀹逛富瑕???浠ヤ???涓??归?€??姹?瀛?????锛?姹?瀛???韩?????插氨????ㄤ腑?芥?????层??缁?瀛﹁??浣?锛?灏辨??腑?戒?缁???????涓诲共锛?????????缁???????涔︾???????璇?缁????????ョ???????璁鸿???绛???涔︿?缁????插???浣?锛???????浜??????层??????璧?娌婚???淬??绛???璇稿?瀛﹁?锛??ョ????芥?舵??璇稿??惧?????浣?锛???????瀹躲????瀹躲??澧ㄥ???娉?瀹躲???靛?绛???杩????ゅ?告??瀛︼??????璧?????璇???瀹?璇??????叉???瀛︿??藉?涔???锛???濂芥?????????瀛﹁??╋???????涓?瀛?缁????????惧?濮?????????瀛?????绛???
浠?涔????藉?锛?
??杩?澶у?搴?璇ラ?藉???杩????藉???涓?璇?锛?杩???骞撮??????浠??藉????ョ??寮虹??锛??藉???璁烘???ㄦ??浠??藉?杩????ㄥ?介??涓?宸茬???涓轰?绉?娼??锛?浣??藉??板????涔?锛??烘???缁?澶у??颁汉?芥????ュ??瑙ｏ??板?ㄥ?澶?瀹堕?夸?浠?灏?璁╁?瀛?瀛︿??藉?锛?涓?浠???负浜?杩?瀛╁??ヨЕ浼?绉???姘???????锛?杩?甯?????楂?瀛╁???????绱??诲????寰峰??璐ㄣ??
灏卞?藉?姒?蹇垫?ヨ?锛?涓??藉?や唬???层???插????扮?????挎不??缁?娴?涔??充功?汇???充?????瀛︺?????般???诲??????搞??寤虹?绛?绛??芥???浜??藉????淬?????㈡??璁哄???绫诲?绉??借?借?涓?棰?澶ф??涓??凤?寤朵几?鸿?澶?缁??????剁??瀛﹂????
???с????搴??ㄤ功??????锛???互??涓虹????层??瀛???????澶у????
???х?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???????锛???互????涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︿?澶у????
??姹?涔β疯?烘??蹇?????涔︾????涓轰????恒??璇稿???璇?璧????典功?????般???规????ぇ????
???轰?????????璇???????涔︺??????绀笺??????涔????????????????ョ?????
璇稿???????????????娉????撮?炽??????澧ㄣ??????绾垫í瀹剁?璇稿??惧??????炽??
璇?璧?????????瀛﹂?????
?典功???????靛??哥???
???版??????ぉ??????娉???浜?琛?????????椋?姘寸?瀹??ㄦ?ф?杈?寮虹????
?规?????????诲????荤??绛?绛???
?藉?浣?绯荤??浜х????褰㈡??涔???????涓???姘???缁?娴????挎不?????叉?????寤烘????锛??藉???疆?ㄧ?板?ㄤ???浠ヨ?藉?寤剁画??澶??村????灞?锛?浣??颁?浜虹被?卞???㈠?????瀛????浠ュ??瑙ｅ?宠?浜?????朵??规???????锋??????韩?烘?с??
?藉????????涔?
?藉????????涔?
?藉?涓?璇?锛??ゅ凡??涔????????藉?涓?绾х??瀛︽?°?????ㄧぜ路?ュ?瀹?浼??涓???浜?锛???涔?甯????藉?涔??裤????????浼?瑕???涓??璇达???璐?瑙?浜?骞翠互??锛?澶???板垢?藉???澶??锛???澧?绛?瀛﹁??涓???浜??鹃?淬????
杩?浠ｆ??涔????藉?姒?蹇碉????ㄦ???????褰㈡???????剁??瀹??惧?ㄤ?涓?绾?????搴﹀?璧蜂?璁??? ???充??藉???瀹?涔?锛?涓ユ?兼??涔?涓?锛??扮????涓烘?锛?瀛︽????杩?娌℃??缁???浠????虹?涓???纭?????瀹?????瀹朵?璇寸悍绾????》涓?????????璇存?濡??界补娲鹃??瀹???906骞存?版??璇达?"?藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒???"锛????藉?璁蹭?璁般??锛????界补瀛︽?ャ??绗?9??锛??????????藉?姒?蹇靛?骞挎?锛?浣?涓昏?寮鸿?浜??藉???缁?涓??寸?ㄦ?с????浠ｈ〃?х????瑙?????稿?浜??板????у?锛??稿?浜?瑗垮???涓??锛?寮??宠??瑷?锛??充腑?戒?缁?瀛︽????
涓????ヨ?锛??藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????藉??㈢?舵??腑?戒?缁?????涓?瀛︽????ｄ?????涔???????诲??????с??涔︾?汇?????搞???版???绛?锛?杩?浜?褰??舵???浜??藉????达?浣?涔???互璇存???藉???澶?寤朵???
?藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁??ㄣ??
浠?澶╂??浠??????????藉???锛?娉???涓??戒?缁?????锛??瑰?????ㄥ???茬?搴?涓?Н娣?涓??ャ??瀵瑰?浠ｇぞ浼?浠??蜂环?肩??浼?绉?浼?缁???????
???ㄧぜ路?ュ?路涔?甯???锛???涔?甯????藉?涔??匡?浠ユ???藉?灏???????瀛?璇?璁┿???ㄧぜ路姝ｄ???锛????藉???锛??ㄥ?藉??涓???瀹?乏涔?灏?瀛︿??????ㄤ唬?????藉????????藉?????????璐垫??瀛?寮?瀛︽?♀????
?版?讹????藉???娉???涓??戒?缁?????锛??扮?板?ㄤ负姝㈣?娌℃??涓?涓??哄???瀛︽????涔????寸?????藉???瀹?涔???
涓????ヨ?锛??藉?????浠ュ??瀛︿负涓讳???涓???浼?缁?????涓?瀛︽?????藉??㈢?舵??腑?戒?缁?????涓?瀛︽????ｄ?????涔???????诲??????с??涔︾?汇?????搞???版???绛?锛?杩?浜?褰??舵???浜??藉????达?浣?涔???互璇存???藉???澶?寤朵???
?藉??????藉?瀛﹀?锛?濡?澶?????藉??????藉???瀛﹂???璇达?浜х??浜?瑗垮?涓?娓???????杞????????叉?舵????瀹??磋捣浜?20涓?绾???锛?1920骞翠唬濮???锛??ㄤ腑?藉ぇ??锛????╃????????冲??????遍??姝ユ?????㈠?锛?涓???浼?缁?????瀛︽????绌洪?撮??姝ユ?╁ぇ锛?1980骞翠唬?????藉???澶?璧疯?充???
?藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁????浠ュ?藉?澶у?绔?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???????锛?????涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︺??
"?藉?"涓?璇达?浜х??浜?瑗垮?涓?娓???????杞????????叉?舵???????充??藉???瀹?涔?锛?涓ユ?兼??涔?涓?锛??扮????涓烘?锛?瀛︽????杩?娌℃??缁???浠????虹?涓???纭?????瀹?????瀹朵?璇寸悍绾????》涓?????????璇存?濡??界补娲鹃??瀹???906骞存?版??璇达?"?藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒???"锛????藉?璁蹭?璁般??锛????界补瀛︽?ャ??绗?9??锛??????????藉?姒?蹇靛?骞挎?锛?浣?涓昏?寮鸿?浜??藉???缁?涓??寸?ㄦ?с??
?藉?浠ュ?绉???锛?搴???涓哄?插????插???瀹???瀛︺????瀛︺??绀间?瀛︺?????????浼︾??瀛︺???????绛?锛??朵腑浠ュ??瀹跺?插?涓轰富娴?锛?浠ユ???冲??锛?搴???涓哄??绉﹁?瀛?????????涓?瀹剁?锛???瀹惰疮绌垮苟涓诲?涓??芥???冲?诧??跺???浠?灞??颁?锛??藉?浠ャ????搴??ㄤ功????锛?搴???涓虹????层??瀛??????????浣?浠ョ???瀛??ㄤ负??锛?灏ゅ?惧??浜?缁????浠ュ?藉?澶у?绔?澶??????藉?璁叉?褰???????锛?????涓哄?瀛︺??缁?瀛︺???插???璇稿?????瀛︺??
绔?澶????ㄥ?躲???藉?姒?璁恒??涓?О锛??藉?涔????????查??绁?璇???缁??歌?瀛???瀹????????查??灏?璇翠?濂?锛?娌诲?藉?涔??规?涓鸿鲸涔﹁?????浼?????灏?瀛︺?????扮?????ュ?や?浜烘??????杩???杈ㄦ??瀛﹀??ㄣ??
?界补娲鹃??瀹?绉帮????藉???浣?锛?涓??芥????涔?瀛︿??????拌??浜虹???朵?锛???浠ユ???界??锛????跺?借?????跺???瀛︿???锛?瀛﹀?朵??戒?瀛︿互涓哄?界???????不?朵??戒?????
???:?藉????????涔?
浼?缁??藉?????????瀹跺???猴?灏???寰°??绀笺??涔???涔︺??????涔︿?缁?锛???瀛?瀛?????澶у?????璁鸿?????涓?焊??.???ョ??????ㄦ??????灏?涔︺????璇?缁?????绀艰???
?藉????????涔?璇烽???
绠?浠?锛????藉???涓?璇?锛??ゅ凡??涔??????藉????ㄤ腑?藉?や唬锛????????藉?涓?绾х??瀛︽?★?涓?姹?浠ｇ????澶?????稿?????浠ｈ???涓????????灞?璇讳功浜?搴?灞辩?介箍娲?锛??冲?????讹??ㄥ?堕????寤哄?棣?锛?浠ユ????寰?锛??蜂负??搴?灞卞?藉??????板?浠ｏ????圭О???介箍娲?涔﹂?⑩??锛?杩??剁?????藉???瀹?涓鸿??涔︿?璁插?涔?????
浠????藉???涔???????浠ヤ腑?戒?缁??????哥?涓鸿浇浣?锛?琛ㄧ?颁腑??姘???浼?缁?绀句?浠峰?艰?涓???寰蜂鸡??瑙??????充?绯汇??浣????涔?浠??堕??瑕?瀛︽????姒凤?????扮‘瀹?瀹?涔???
??娑典环?硷??藉?锛?涓?浠?浠????缁?????锛?涓?浠?浠?????杩?????锛?涓?浠?浠????跺?????锛?涔?涓?浠?浠??????跺?藉?锛?涓?浠?浠??????藉?藉?锛?涓?浠?浠????搴??藉?锛?涓?浠?浠????????藉???
?藉??存???绉?璧锋?浜???濮?澶?????浼??夸????茬?板???娲荤????姝ｅ?ㄧ户缁???涓??????????璋?????锛???腑??姘????稿???浠峰?肩??蹇靛??杩芥?锛????板??涓?骞存?ヤ腑?戒汉??缁存?瑰?琛?涓烘?瑰???娲绘?瑰???浜ф?瑰???楂?搴︽?荤?锛???腑??姣?浜茬??涔虫?锛???腑???垮コ??琛?????绮剧????甸?锛???腑?戒汉淇′话??澶╃┖??澶у?般???ㄥ??颁腑??姘???浼?澶у??磋??ヤ腑??????绻??ｅ?寸????浠?澶╋????惧??藉?浠?涓哄繁浠讳换????杩???
?藉???瀹癸??藉???唬琛ㄧ??涓??????????稿?锛???浠ｆ????榛?甯??寸?缁?????????瀛???????搴?瀛?????????绂诲???????绱?涔︺??绛?璇稿??惧???缁??搞?? 绗???ㄥ??锛?璇?璧???璇???璧?涓?涓??凤???袱绉?涓?????浣?瑁?????姹?涔??烘??蹇?????????璇?璧?寰??????や唬绉????婚?灏辫?借?锛?????浠??濡??や汉?? 绗????ㄥ??锛??典功???典功?ㄥ?や唬?ヨ???绫讳腑????甯搁??瑕???涓??ㄥ??锛??????㈣??????板???规??琚?????????ㄧ???х???? 绗???ㄥ??锛????般??璀??浣?涓哄??绛??????ㄦ?????? 绗????ㄥ??锛??规?????夸腑?????绘???芥???规????
?藉???澶?????????涔?
?藉???互??绉︾??缁??稿??璇稿??惧?涓烘?瑰?猴?娑电??浜?涓ゆ?缁?瀛︺??榄?????瀛︺????????瀛︺??瀹?????瀛︺????娓?瀹?瀛﹀?????舵??????绉﹁?璧???姹?璧???????楠???????瀹?璇?璇??????蹭???娓?灏?璇村苟??浠ｅ?插?绛?涓?濂??规????瀹??寸????????瀛︽???绯汇????绉﹁?瀛??惧?瀛﹁????卞??遍福??锛?娌℃??涓讳??崇郴锛?濡??????舵????璧蜂??ㄨ??璁猴???瀹跺?璇村?ㄥ??涓??舵???藉???ョ?????炬?ф?????т??????????ㄥ?ㄧ??棰???涓?????宸诧????姝﹀???缃㈤??惧?,????????????ㄦ???虫????棰???璧蜂富娴?浣??ㄧ??????瀹讹?浣??跺???瀹跺?璇翠??ㄤ?????棰??????ョ????瑕?浣????姣?濡??挎不棰???????瀹朵?娉?瀹躲????浜?棰???????瀹躲???靛????诲?棰???????瀹躲???诲???杩????跺???棰???????瀹讹???瀹躲??澧ㄥ?????瀹垛?︹?︼?绛?绛?锛???涓?棰???璧蜂富娴?浣??ㄥ苟涓?浠ｈ〃?ㄩ?ㄣ????浠ワ??藉?????涓??娲惧?璇村苟娌℃??涓讳?涔???锛?骞朵?瀛??ㄤ互???瀹跺?娲惧?璇翠负涓讳???澶????腑?藉?や唬????涓?绉?澶у?锛?濮?璁句?姹?姝﹀?????浜?骞淬??涓??ょ??澶у?锛?绉颁负??????涓?搴??? ?ｄ徊??锛???浜?甯???澶у??版??????锛?????锛???涓?搴?涓哄ぇ瀛︼??ㄧ????瑗块???????充?澶??????澶у??ㄥ?涓轰?搴?锛??ㄦ?涓哄?冲?锛??ㄥ?ㄦ??涓??讹????ㄦ?????捐?浜?澶у?锛?涓?涓轰?搴?锛?瑗夸负?藉?锛???涓烘????锛???涓轰?搴?锛?涓?负杈??????颁?姹?浠ｏ??ㄤ含甯?璁惧お瀛︼?涓轰腑澶??瀛︺????楂?瀛﹀?锛?澶??绁????兼???ㄥ?芥???茶??裤????浠ｄ互???逛负?藉???锛????藉????????朵?璁惧お瀛︺??
?藉????涔?????锛?
?藉?锛???互??绉︾??稿??璇稿??惧?瀛﹁?涓烘?瑰?猴?骞舵兜???????叉?舵??????绮鹃???瀛︽????涓??藉???蹭??藉?????浠ュ?藉???涓洪????界?瀛︽?★???タ瀛︿?娓????稿?瑗垮???瑷?娉???涓??戒?缁????虫????瀛︽????
?板?ㄤ??????扮???藉?锛?????浠ュ??绉︾??稿??璇稿?瀛︿负?瑰?哄苟娑电??????????浠ｇ????绫绘????瀛︽??????姝わ?骞夸?涓?锛?涓??藉?や唬???颁唬????????瀛︽???????腑?藉?や唬?????层?????炽???插????扮?????挎不??缁?娴?涔??充功?汇???充?????瀛︺?????般???诲??????搞??寤虹?绛??芥???藉???娑????????淬?????藉???涔???锛?濮?涔?娓??????舵?舵?缇?瀛︽????ヤ腑?斤??蜂负???板???????瑗垮???绛?锛?涓?涔??稿?锛?浜轰滑渚挎??涓??藉?烘????瀛﹂???绉颁负???у???????涓?????????藉???绛????藉?涔???互??涓??藉?や唬瀛﹁???